中华人民共和国(guo)国(guo)家标准
建设工程造(zao)价鉴定规范
GB／T 51262-2017
条文(wen)说明
编制说明(ming)
《建设工程造价鉴定规范(fan)》GB／T 51262-2017经住房(fang)和城乡(xiang)建设部(bu)2017年8月31日以(yi)第1667号公告批准(zhun)、发(fa)布。
本规(gui)范编制过程中(zhong)，编制组进(jin)行了建设工程造价(jia)鉴定(ding)的调(diao)查研究，认真总结(jie)了我国(guo)(guo)建设工程造价(jia)鉴定(ding)的实践经验，并充分借(jie)鉴国(guo)(guo)内外先进(jin)经验，广泛听取(qu)法律界和工程建设领域的专家意(yi)见，不断修改和完善。
为便(bian)于广大建设(she)、施工、工程造价咨询(xun)等(deng)单位有(you)关人员以(yi)及工程造价鉴定(ding)的(de)委托人在使用(yong)本规(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)时能正(zheng)确理(li)解和(he)执行(xing)(xing)条(tiao)(tiao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)规(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)，本规(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)编(bian)制(zhi)组按章(zhang)、节、条(tiao)(tiao)顺(shun)序编(bian)制(zhi)了(le)本规(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)的(de)条(tiao)(tiao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)说(shuo)明，对条(tiao)(tiao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)规(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)的(de)目的(de)、依据以(yi)及执行(xing)(xing)中(zhong)需注意的(de)有(you)关事项进行(xing)(xing)了(le)说(shuo)明。但是，本条(tiao)(tiao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)说(shuo)明不具备与规(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)正(zheng)文(wen)(wen)(wen)同等(deng)的(de)法(fa)律(lv)效力(li)，仅(jin)供使用(yong)者作为理(li)解和(he)把握规(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)规(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)的(de)参考。
1 总 则
1．0．1 本条主要阐(chan)明(ming)制定本规(gui)范的(de)目的(de)和依据。
工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造价确定(ding)(ding)(ding)兼(jian)有契约性(xing)(xing)和技(ji)术性(xing)(xing)的特(te)点，既要遵守《中华(hua)人民共(gong)(gong)和国合同法(fa)(fa)》、《中华(hua)人民共(gong)(gong)和国建(jian)筑(zhu)法(fa)(fa)》等(deng)(deng)实体法(fa)(fa)的规(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)；又要遵循(xun)科学的规(gui)律(lv)，执行工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)设(she)相关(guan)的标准规(gui)范，因而是(shi)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)规(gui)则与科学技(ji)术的结合，具有双重(zhong)性(xing)(xing)。而在诉讼或(huo)仲裁(cai)(cai)案件(jian)中，如需要做工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造价鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)，还必须遵循(xun)《中华(hua)人民共(gong)(gong)和国民事(shi)诉讼法(fa)(fa)》、《中华(hua)人民共(gong)(gong)和国仲裁(cai)(cai)法(fa)(fa)》等(deng)(deng)程(cheng)序(xu)法(fa)(fa)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造价鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)与正常的工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造价确定(ding)(ding)(ding)相比，鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)中的各个(ge)环节还必须有严格的法(fa)(fa)律(lv)程(cheng)序(xu)。因为，鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)程(cheng)序(xu)是(shi)鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)意见(jian)具备证据效力的首(shou)要条件(jian)。只有程(cheng)序(xu)合法(fa)(fa)，才能进一步审查鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)意见(jian)的证明力。一旦(dan)鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)程(cheng)序(xu)违法(fa)(fa)，其鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)意见(jian)的可(ke)靠(kao)性(xing)(xing)与公正性(xing)(xing)必将受到质疑，服务和保(bao)障诉讼、仲裁(cai)(cai)活动的作用就(jiu)难以实现。
《司(si)(si)法鉴定(ding)(ding)(ding)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序通则》(司(si)(si)法部令(ling)第132号(hao))第四十七条规定(ding)(ding)(ding)“本通则是司(si)(si)法鉴定(ding)(ding)(ding)机构和司(si)(si)法鉴定(ding)(ding)(ding)人(ren)进行司(si)(si)法鉴定(ding)(ding)(ding)活动(dong)应当遵守和通朋的一般程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序规则，不同专业领域对鉴定(ding)(ding)(ding)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序有(you)特殊(shu)要求(qiu)的，可以(yi)(yi)依据(ju)本规则制定(ding)(ding)(ding)鉴定(ding)(ding)(ding)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序细则”。因此，考虑到工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造价(jia)鉴定(ding)(ding)(ding)的特殊(shu)性，本规范以(yi)(yi)我(wo)国民事诉讼法规定(ding)(ding)(ding)的基本鉴定(ding)(ding)(ding)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序为依据(ju)，在总结多年来我(wo)国工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造价(jia)鉴定(ding)(ding)(ding)工作实际经(jing)验(yan)的基础(chu)上，与相关的法律、法规以(yi)(yi)及(ji)部门(men)规章的规定(ding)(ding)(ding)相融合，使之成为系统的工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造价(jia)鉴定(ding)(ding)(ding)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序。
1．0．2 本条规(gui)定(ding)了本规(gui)范(fan)的(de)使用范(fan)围。
目前，我国需要(yao)进(jin)(jin)行工程造价(jia)鉴定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)案件主要(yao)在(zai)诉讼(song)或仲裁中(zhong)出(chu)现。因此，本规范以(yi)适应诉讼(song)和(he)仲裁的(de)(de)要(yao)求编制(zhi)，对于诉讼(song)或仲裁案件之外的(de)(de)行政(zheng)执法(fa)和(he)民事活动中(zhong)需要(yao)就工程造价(jia)作出(chu)鉴别和(he)判(pan)断的(de)(de)，也(ye)可(ke)委(wei)托鉴定(ding)(ding)(ding)机构(gou)。非诉鉴定(ding)(ding)(ding)也(ye)应按照正(zheng)确的(de)(de)方法(fa)和(he)程序进(jin)(jin)行。随着法(fa)治(zhi)社(she)(she)(she)会(hui)的(de)(de)构(gou)建，鉴定(ding)(ding)(ding)意见作为一种证(zheng)据(ju)，通过(guo)对社(she)(she)(she)会(hui)纠纷和(he)矛(mao)盾(dun)(dun)中(zhong)的(de)(de)专门性问题进(jin)(jin)行鉴别和(he)判(pan)断，能在(zai)平(ping)息化解(jie)社(she)(she)(she)会(hui)矛(mao)盾(dun)(dun)方面发挥其技术保障和(he)技术服(fu)务的(de)(de)积极(ji)作用。
1．0．3 本条规定(ding)了鉴定(ding)活动必须遵循的主要原则(ze)：
1 合法(fa)鉴定(ding)原(yuan)(yuan)则(ze)，指参与鉴定(ding)活(huo)动(dong)的(de)(de)主体，必(bi)须严(yan)格(ge)遵守(shou)法(fa)律、法(fa)规(gui)的(de)(de)各项(xiang)规(gui)定(ding)，规(gui)范地进行鉴定(ding)活(huo)动(dong)。所(suo)称之“法(fa)”是广义上的(de)(de)法(fa)，既包(bao)括(kuo)实(shi)体法(fa)，也包(bao)括(kuo)程序法(fa)；既有国家相(xiang)关法(fa)律、法(fa)规(gui)，也有地方性(xing)法(fa)规(gui)、部(bu)门规(gui)章及规(gui)范性(xing)文件；既要严(yan)格(ge)遵守(shou)国家的(de)(de)法(fa)律法(fa)规(gui)，又要认真执(zhi)行建(jian)设领域(yu)的(de)(de)相(xiang)关标准、规(gui)范、规(gui)程。合法(fa)鉴定(ding)原(yuan)(yuan)则(ze)贯(guan)穿于(yu)全(quan)部(bu)工(gong)程造价鉴定(ding)活(huo)动(dong)，其实(shi)质(zhi)是实(shi)现工(gong)程造价鉴定(ding)活(huo)动(dong)的(de)(de)规(gui)范化、标准化、制(zhi)度(du)化。
2 独立(li)鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)原则，指鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)人(ren)在工程造价鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)活(huo)动(dong)中(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)受外界的干扰，独立(li)自主地对鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)事项(xiang)作出科学(xue)判(pan)断，提出鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)意见(jian)并(bing)对鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)意见(jian)负责。要求鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)人(ren)独立(li)于委托(tuo)人(ren)，鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)人(ren)出具鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)意见(jian)独立(li)于鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)机构的行政领导(dao)，鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)人(ren)独立(li)于其他鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)人(ren)。
3 客(ke)观(guan)鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)原(yuan)则(ze)，指在工程(cheng)造价(jia)鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)活(huo)动中(zhong)必(bi)须遵(zun)循客(ke)观(guan)规律，反映案件事(shi)实，摒弃(qi)主观(guan)臆(yi)断。工程(cheng)造价(jia)鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)是(shi)鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)人运用科(ke)(ke)学原(yuan)理(li)、技术(shu)和(he)方法(fa)对(dui)鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)项目进行(xing)鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)别判(pan)(pan)断的(de)(de)(de)科(ke)(ke)学求(qiu)证活(huo)动。鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)活(huo)动必(bi)须尊重客(ke)观(guan)规律，体现(xian)事(shi)物固(gu)有的(de)(de)(de)、内在的(de)(de)(de)和(he)本质的(de)(de)(de)联系。既然(ran)鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)是(shi)鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)人运用科(ke)(ke)学技术(shu)或专门(men)知识对(dui)鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)事(shi)项的(de)(de)(de)专门(men)性问(wen)题进行(xing)鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)别和(he)判(pan)(pan)断并提供意见的(de)(de)(de)活(huo)动，其鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)别和(he)判(pan)(pan)断就有了鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)人的(de)(de)(de)主观(guan)意见。因此，客(ke)观(guan)鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)原(yuan)则(ze)要求(qiu)鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)人牢固(gu)树立科(ke)(ke)学精(jing)神，重视科(ke)(ke)学方法(fa)和(he)技术(shu)创新，优(you)化鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)流程(cheng)，正(zheng)确把握客(ke)观(guan)事(shi)实与法(fa)律事(shi)实的(de)(de)(de)关系，将主观(guan)的(de)(de)(de)认识变为客(ke)观(guan)的(de)(de)(de)判(pan)(pan)断。
4 公正(zheng)鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)原(yuan)则，指(zhi)在(zai)工程造价鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)活(huo)动中应以(yi)(yi)公平、公正(zheng)为(wei)价值追求，不得有(you)专私、偏袒。鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)人应居中立之(zhi)地位，再现事(shi)(shi)实(shi)(shi)真相，维护(hu)社会公平正(zheng)义。公正(zheng)鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)原(yuan)则包括鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)活(huo)动程序公正(zheng)和鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)意见的(de)(de)实(shi)(shi)体公正(zheng)两方面。公正(zheng)是人类价值追求的(de)(de)体现，工程造价鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)必须(xu)坚(jian)持“以(yi)(yi)事(shi)(shi)实(shi)(shi)为(wei)依据，以(yi)(yi)法律为(wei)准绳(sheng)”，确保鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)公正(zheng)，维护(hu)鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)公信力。
2 术 语
2．0．1 依据(ju)《全国人民(min)代表大会(hui)常务委员会(hui)关于司法鉴定(ding)(ding)管(guan)理问(wen)题的决定(ding)(ding)》第一条(tiao)之规定(ding)(ding)：“司法鉴定(ding)(ding)是指(zhi)在(zai)诉(su)讼(song)活(huo)(huo)动中鉴定(ding)(ding)人员运用科学技术或者专门知识对(dui)诉(su)讼(song)涉及(ji)的专门性问(wen)题进(jin)行(xing)鉴别和判断并提供(gong)鉴定(ding)(ding)意见的活(huo)(huo)动”。
2．0．5 依(yi)据(ju)《工(gong)程造价咨(zi)询(xun)企业(ye)管理办法》(建设部(bu)第149号令)第二十条之规定：进(jin)行工(gong)程造价鉴定，属于具有资质的工(gong)程造价咨(zi)询(xun)企业(ye)的业(ye)务范围(wei)。
同时，依(yi)据原(yuan)建设部《关(guan)于对工(gong)(gong)程造(zao)价(jia)司法(fa)鉴(jian)定(ding)有关(guan)问题的复(fu)函》(建办标(biao)函[2005]155号)第(di)一条规定(ding)：“从事(shi)工(gong)(gong)程造(zao)价(jia)司法(fa)鉴(jian)定(ding)，必须取得工(gong)(gong)程造(zao)价(jia)咨询资(zi)质，并在其资(zi)质许(xu)可范围内从事(shi)工(gong)(gong)程造(zao)价(jia)咨询活(huo)动。工(gong)(gong)程造(zao)价(jia)成果文件，应当由(you)造(zao)价(jia)工(gong)(gong)程师签字，加盖执业专用章和单位公(gong)章后有效”。
2．0．6 依据(ju)原建(jian)设部《关(guan)于对(dui)工(gong)(gong)程造价司(si)法鉴(jian)定(ding)有关(guan)问(wen)题(ti)的复函(han)》(建(jian)办(ban)标函(han)[2005]155号)第(di)二条规定(ding)：“从(cong)事工(gong)(gong)程造价司(si)法鉴(jian)定(ding)的人员，必须具备注册造价工(gong)(gong)程师执业资(zi)格(ge)，并只得在其注册的机构从(cong)事工(gong)(gong)程造价司(si)法鉴(jian)定(ding)工(gong)(gong)作，否则不(bu)具有在该机构的工(gong)(gong)程造价成果文件(jian)上(shang)签字的权利”。
2．0．9 工程(cheng)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)包括合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)协议书(shu)(shu)(shu)、中标(biao)(biao)(biao)通(tong)知书(shu)(shu)(shu)(如(ru)有(you)(you))、投标(biao)(biao)(biao)书(shu)(shu)(shu)及(ji)其附件(jian)(如(ru)有(you)(you))、合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)专用条款、已标(biao)(biao)(biao)价(jia)工程(cheng)量清(qing)单或报价(jia)书(shu)(shu)(shu)、合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)通(tong)用条款、约(yue)定采用的标(biao)(biao)(biao)准规范、图纸等(deng)技术文件(jian)以及(ji)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)履(lv)行(xing)过程(cheng)中，当事人有(you)(you)关工程(cheng)洽商、变更、签(qian)证、索赔等(deng)书(shu)(shu)(shu)面协议、会议纪要(yao)等(deng)文件(jian)。
2．0．11 《中华人(ren)民共和(he)国民事诉(su)讼法》第(di)六(liu)十五条规定(ding)：“当(dang)(dang)事人(ren)对自己提(ti)出(chu)的主张应当(dang)(dang)及(ji)时提(ti)供(gong)证(zheng)据(ju)(ju)。人(ren)民法院根据(ju)(ju)当(dang)(dang)事人(ren)的主张和(he)案(an)件(jian)审理情况(kuang)，确(que)定(ding)当(dang)(dang)事人(ren)应当(dang)(dang)提(ti)供(gong)的证(zheng)据(ju)(ju)及(ji)其(qi)期限”。
2．0．13 本(ben)规范定(ding)义的(de)(de)(de)鉴(jian)(jian)定(ding)依据(ju)(ju)可(ke)归纳为(wei)(wei)两大类，一类是适(shi)用于鉴(jian)(jian)定(ding)项目的(de)(de)(de)相关法律、法规、规章和(he)工(gong)程标准、规范、计价依据(ju)(ju)等，可(ke)称为(wei)(wei)基(ji)础依据(ju)(ju)；一类为(wei)(wei)依据(ju)(ju)《中华人民共和(he)国(guo)民事诉讼法》第(di)六十三条规定(ding)：“证(zheng)(zheng)据(ju)(ju)必须查证(zheng)(zheng)属(shu)实(shi)，才能(neng)作为(wei)(wei)认定(ding)事实(shi)的(de)(de)(de)根(gen)据(ju)(ju)”。鉴(jian)(jian)定(ding)项目用作认定(ding)事实(shi)根(gen)据(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)证(zheng)(zheng)据(ju)(ju)，其应具有证(zheng)(zheng)据(ju)(ju)效力(li)。
3 基本规定
3．1 鉴(jian)定(ding)(ding)机(ji)构和鉴(jian)定(ding)(ding)人
最高人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)法院《关于适(shi)用<中华人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)共(gong)和(he)国(guo)民(min)(min)事(shi)诉讼(song)法>的解释》(法释[2015]5号)第一(yi)百二十一(yi)条规(gui)定(ding)(ding)：“人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)法院准(zhun)许当(dang)事(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)鉴定(ding)(ding)申请的，应(ying)当(dang)组织双方当(dang)事(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)协商确(que)定(ding)(ding)具备(bei)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)应(ying)资格的鉴定(ding)(ding)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。当(dang)事(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)协商不成，由人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)法院指定(ding)(ding)。符合依职权调查收(shou)集证据条件的，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)法院应(ying)当(dang)依职权委(wei)托鉴定(ding)(ding)，在询问当(dang)事(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的意见后，指定(ding)(ding)具备(bei)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)应(ying)资格的鉴定(ding)(ding)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)”。本章(zhang)再结(jie)合相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)关法律规(gui)定(ding)(ding)和(he)部门规(gui)章(zhang)，对鉴定(ding)(ding)机(ji)构(gou)和(he)鉴定(ding)(ding)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)作了规(gui)范。
依据《全国人(ren)(ren)民代表大会(hui)常务(wu)委(wei)员会(hui)关于司法鉴定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)管理问题的决(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)》第(di)九条(tiao)规定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)：“鉴定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)人(ren)(ren)从事司法鉴定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)业(ye)务(wu)，由(you)所在(zai)的鉴定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)机(ji)构统一接(jie)受委(wei)托(tuo)”。按照我国目前的规定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)，鉴定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)人(ren)(ren)必须在(zai)一个鉴定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)机(ji)构中(zhong)执业(ye)，接(jie)受鉴定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)项目的委(wei)托(tuo)只能(neng)以鉴定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)机(ji)构的名义进行(xing)，鉴定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)人(ren)(ren)不(bu)能(neng)私自接(jie)受鉴定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)业(ye)务(wu)。
3．3 鉴(jian)定项目委(wei)托的接受、终止
3．3．2 基于工程造价(jia)的(de)(de)复(fu)杂性和(he)专业(ye)性，委(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)人(ren)在委(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)文书(shu)(shu)中(zhong)不一定(ding)能准确(que)表达委(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)意图，本条(tiao)明(ming)确(que)鉴(jian)(jian)定(ding)人(ren)应认真阅读委(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)人(ren)的(de)(de)委(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)书(shu)(shu)，对鉴(jian)(jian)定(ding)范(fan)围、事项(xiang)、要求(qiu)或(huo)期限有(you)疑问的(de)(de)，宜及(ji)时(shi)、主动与(yu)委(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)人(ren)联系，目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)是从(cong)专业(ye)角(jiao)度明(ming)确(que)鉴(jian)(jian)定(ding)项(xiang)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)鉴(jian)(jian)定(ding)范(fan)围、事项(xiang)及(ji)要求(qiu)，必要时(shi)甚至可协助委(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)人(ren)重新出具委(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)书(shu)(shu)，用专业(ye)术语准确(que)地(di)表达出鉴(jian)(jian)定(ding)项(xiang)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)鉴(jian)(jian)定(ding)范(fan)围、事项(xiang)、要求(qiu)和(he)期限，避免对委(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)书(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)误(wu)解导(dao)致鉴(jian)(jian)定(ding)误(wu)差。
3．3．4 回避不(bu)仅(jin)是鉴定人的(de)义务，由于工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造价(jia)咨询活动的(de)特点，对(dui)参与了(le)鉴定项(xiang)目工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造价(jia)咨询活动的(de)鉴定机构(gou)而言，再对(dui)其进(jin)行工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造价(jia)鉴定显(xian)然是不(bu)合适的(de)，因此，本条规定了(le)鉴定机构(gou)在接受委托时，应(ying)予回避的(de)情(qing)形。
3．3．5、3．3．6 鉴(jian)定(ding)(ding)活(huo)动是(shi)一(yi)(yi)项科学活(huo)动，也是(shi)一(yi)(yi)项法律活(huo)动。鉴(jian)定(ding)(ding)机构(gou)在接受鉴(jian)定(ding)(ding)的(de)过程(cheng)中(zhong)，可能(neng)由于主(zhu)观(guan)或(huo)者(zhe)客观(guan)的(de)原因不能(neng)解决案(an)件(jian)中(zhong)特定(ding)(ding)的(de)专门性问题，不能(neng)完(wan)成鉴(jian)定(ding)(ding)工作的(de)既(ji)定(ding)(ding)要(yao)求，无法科学、准(zhun)确地作出鉴(jian)定(ding)(ding)意见，如果确实存在此(ci)种(zhong)情(qing)况，鉴(jian)定(ding)(ding)机构(gou)可以(yi)拒绝接受该项鉴(jian)定(ding)(ding)工作。
鉴(jian)(jian)定(ding)机(ji)构基(ji)于(yu)本规定(ding)拒(ju)绝(jue)鉴(jian)(jian)定(ding)工作(zuo)，并非是(shi)不履行(xing)职责，推卸责任(ren)，而是(shi)为(wei)了(le)避免由于(yu)某(mou)些特定(ding)的(de)原(yuan)因导致鉴(jian)(jian)定(ding)活(huo)动(dong)丧失了(le)科(ke)学性(xing)(xing)与公正性(xing)(xing)，以免作(zuo)出了(le)错误的(de)鉴(jian)(jian)定(ding)意见而影(ying)响委托人的(de)判断(duan)，同时(shi)也是(shi)为(wei)了(le)维持鉴(jian)(jian)定(ding)活(huo)动(dong)作(zuo)为(wei)一项法律活(huo)动(dong)的(de)尊严，避免鉴(jian)(jian)定(ding)工作(zuo)的(de)任(ren)意性(xing)(xing)。
同(tong)时，为(wei)了避(bi)免滥用此项权利，鉴(jian)定机构一(yi)旦拒(ju)绝接受(shou)或(huo)终止鉴(jian)定工作(zuo)，应(ying)向委托人说明理由。
3．4 鉴定组织
3．4．1 工(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)价(jia)(jia)鉴定的(de)难(nan)度一般较大，因此，本条规定进(jin)行工(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)价(jia)(jia)鉴定时，鉴定机构应指派对鉴定项目(mu)专(zhuan)业(ye)对口(kou)、经(jing)验丰富的(de)注册(ce)造(zao)(zao)价(jia)(jia)工(gong)程(cheng)师(shi)承担鉴定工(gong)作，以保证工(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)价(jia)(jia)鉴定的(de)质量。
鉴于建设(she)工程的复杂性，鉴定(ding)(ding)机构也可能在鉴定(ding)(ding)中(zhong)需(xu)要(yao)某些精(jing)通(tong)设(she)计、施工、设(she)备性能的专业人士参(can)加(jia)，作(zuo)为(wei)鉴定(ding)(ding)团队的成(cheng)员，本规范将(jiang)其(qi)纳入辅助人员范畴。
3．4．4 本条明(ming)确(que)(que)了建设工(gong)程造(zao)价鉴(jian)定(ding)应依(yi)照本行业(ye)有关的(de)(de)执业(ye)规(gui)定(ding)执行审(shen)核(he)制(zhi)(即常规(gui)的(de)(de)经(jing)办、审(shen)核(he)、审(shen)定(ding)制(zhi)度(du))确(que)(que)定(ding)，以求通(tong)过审(shen)核(he)制(zhi)度(du)，减(jian)少误差。不同(tong)单位工(gong)程的(de)(de)鉴(jian)定(ding)经(jing)办人(ren)与鉴(jian)定(ding)审(shen)核(he)人(ren)可以互相交叉(cha)，但同(tong)一(yi)鉴(jian)定(ding)人(ren)不得兼任同(tong)一(yi)单位工(gong)程的(de)(de)经(jing)办、审(shen)核(he)工(gong)作。
3．5 回(hui) 避
回避(bi)制度(du)(du)是我国司(si)法(fa)(fa)制度(du)(du)中(zhong)一(yi)项基本制度(du)(du)。鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)人(ren)的回避(bi)，既是鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)人(ren)的义务，又是当事人(ren)的权利(li)。这一(yi)制度(du)(du)在我国的法(fa)(fa)律、法(fa)(fa)规(gui)(gui)和部门(men)规(gui)(gui)章中(zhong)均(jun)有明确规(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)，本章结合工(gong)程造价鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)的特点，规(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)了鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)机构、鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)人(ren)应回避(bi)的几(ji)种情形。
现实生活(huo)中(zhong)，人(ren)(ren)际关(guan)系十分复(fu)杂，是(shi)否具(ju)备回(hui)避(bi)(bi)的(de)条(tiao)(tiao)件，回(hui)避(bi)(bi)对象(xiang)是(shi)最为清楚的(de)。因(yin)此，应建立鉴(jian)定(ding)机(ji)构(gou)(gou)和(he)鉴(jian)定(ding)人(ren)(ren)回(hui)避(bi)(bi)声(sheng)明(ming)制(zhi)度，即(ji)回(hui)避(bi)(bi)对象(xiang)在(zai)履行职(zhi)务前，应事先声(sheng)明(ming)自(zi)己无法律所(suo)规定(ding)的(de)应回(hui)避(bi)(bi)的(de)情形，同时(shi)将此项声(sheng)明(ming)载于《鉴(jian)定(ding)人(ren)(ren)员(yuan)组成(cheng)通知书(shu)》中(zhong)，由鉴(jian)定(ding)机(ji)构(gou)(gou)盖章送达委托人(ren)(ren)，鉴(jian)定(ding)意见书(shu)也应就此在(zai)苏(su)州旅游攻略,market,裸(luo)睡玩奶头(高H),少妇愉情理伦片,樱井(jing)莉亚av载明(ming)。同时(shi)，为促使鉴(jian)定(ding)人(ren)(ren)在(zai)鉴(jian)定(ding)过程中(zhong)遵守职(zhi)业(ye)纪(ji)律，如(ru)鉴(jian)定(ding)人(ren)(ren)违(wei)纪(ji)，在(zai)本规范(fan)第3．5．6条(tiao)(tiao)还(hai)规定(ding)了(le)当事人(ren)(ren)申(shen)请其回(hui)避(bi)(bi)的(de)条(tiao)(tiao)文(wen)。
3．8 出(chu)庭作(zuo)证
《中华人民(min)共(gong)和国民(min)事诉讼法(fa)》第七(qi)十八条规定(ding)(ding)：“当事人对(dui)鉴定(ding)(ding)意(yi)见有异议或(huo)者人民(min)法(fa)院认为(wei)鉴定(ding)(ding)人有必要出庭的，鉴定(ding)(ding)人应当出庭作证(zheng)(zheng)。经(jing)人民(min)法(fa)院通(tong)知(zhi)，鉴定(ding)(ding)人拒不出庭作证(zheng)(zheng)的，鉴定(ding)(ding)意(yi)见不得作为(wei)认定(ding)(ding)事实(shi)的根据；支付(fu)鉴定(ding)(ding)费用(yong)的当事人可(ke)以要求返(fan)还鉴定(ding)(ding)费用(yong)”。
由于鉴(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)工(gong)作解决的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)案件中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)专门性问(wen)题(ti)(ti)，鉴(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)意(yi)见(jian)是(shi)(shi)法定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)证(zheng)据之一，鉴(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)意(yi)见(jian)是(shi)(shi)鉴(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)人运用专门知识对(dui)案件中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)专门性问(wen)题(ti)(ti)进行分析(xi)判断后得出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，因此，为了(le)保证(zheng)鉴(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)意(yi)见(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)学性、确认鉴(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)意(yi)见(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)证(zheng)明力(li)，鉴(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)人应依法出(chu)庭(ting)接受质证(zheng)。出(chu)庭(ting)作证(zheng)是(shi)(shi)鉴(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要义(yi)务之一。鉴(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)人出(chu)庭(ting)举证(zheng)、质证(zheng)，以(yi)科(ke)学的(de)(de)(de)(de)态度阐明该项鉴(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)意(yi)见(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)可靠性和证(zheng)据意(yi)义(yi)，并回答有(you)关人员提出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)疑问(wen)，对(dui)于支持诉讼(song)或仲裁、维护当(dang)事(shi)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)合法权利(li)、依法判决或裁决，以(yi)及宣传科(ke)学技术证(zheng)据的(de)(de)(de)(de)效力(li)都具有(you)重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)义(yi)。
鉴定(ding)人出庭作证(zheng)的具体任(ren)务包括：一(yi)是宣读鉴定(ding)意见书，即完(wan)(wan)成举(ju)证(zheng)任(ren)务；二是接受当事(shi)人、委(wei)托人按照(zhao)法律(lv)程序就(jiu)有关鉴定(ding)意见方面(mian)的问题进行的询问，即完(wan)(wan)成质证(zheng)任(ren)务。
鉴(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)人(ren)(ren)出(chu)庭(ting)作(zuo)证(zheng)的(de)(de)条件是，凡是担任鉴(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)项(xiang)目的(de)(de)鉴(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)人(ren)(ren)接到委托人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)出(chu)庭(ting)通知以后，都应(ying)按时出(chu)庭(ting)作(zuo)证(zheng)，除非存在《中(zhong)华人(ren)(ren)民共(gong)和国民事诉(su)讼(song)法》第七(qi)十三条规(gui)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)理由并经委托人(ren)(ren)批准，否(fou)则，鉴(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)人(ren)(ren)不能免除出(chu)庭(ting)义务。对于(yu)违反这一义务的(de)(de)鉴(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)人(ren)(ren)，法律规(gui)定(ding)(ding)了相关的(de)(de)处罚(fa)措施。
4 鉴定依(yi)据
4．1 鉴定(ding)人(ren)自备
工程造价(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)确定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)与(yu)当时(shi)的(de)(de)法(fa)律(lv)法(fa)规、标准定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)额(e)以及(ji)各(ge)种(zhong)生产(chan)要素价(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)具有密切(qie)关(guan)系，为做好一些鉴定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)证据材料不完(wan)备的(de)(de)工程造价(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)鉴定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)，本章规定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)进行工程造价(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)鉴定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)工作，鉴定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)人应自(zi)行收集(ji)以下(xia)(但不限于)鉴定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)依(yi)据：适用于鉴定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)项目的(de)(de)法(fa)律(lv)、法(fa)规、规章、规范(fan)性文件(jian)以及(ji)规范(fan)、标准、定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)额(e)以及(ji)同时(shi)期(qi)、同类型工程的(de)(de)技术经(jing)济指标及(ji)其各(ge)类生产(chan)要素价(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)等。
4．3 当事人(ren)提交(jiao)
4．3．1 基于(yu)工程建设项(xiang)目(mu)计价(jia)的(de)复(fu)杂(za)性(xing)(xing)和实践(jian)性(xing)(xing)，工程造(zao)价(jia)鉴(jian)(jian)定(ding)可能涉(she)及(ji)巨量(liang)的(de)证据(ju)材(cai)料，而在(zai)未决定(ding)是否进行工程造(zao)价(jia)鉴(jian)(jian)定(ding)前(qian)，部分证据(ju)材(cai)料，尤其是一些专(zhuan)业技术资(zi)料，如(ru)图(tu)纸、施工方(fang)案等可能不事(shi)先向委(wei)托(tuo)人(ren)提交(jiao)。往往是经(jing)当事(shi)人(ren)申请，委(wei)托(tuo)人(ren)决定(ding)进行工程造(zao)价(jia)鉴(jian)(jian)定(ding)后。委(wei)托(tuo)人(ren)才要求(qiu)(qiu)当事(shi)人(ren)直接(jie)向鉴(jian)(jian)定(ding)机构(gou)提交(jiao)。因此(ci)，本条明确了委(wei)托(tuo)人(ren)要求(qiu)(qiu)鉴(jian)(jian)定(ding)机构(gou)直接(jie)向当事(shi)人(ren)收取(qu)证据(ju)材(cai)料，鉴(jian)(jian)定(ding)人(ren)应(ying)提请委(wei)托(tuo)人(ren)确定(ding)当事(shi)人(ren)的(de)举证期限。
4．6 现场(chang)勘验
由于(yu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)设(she)的特殊性，对涉及争议的建(jian)(jian)设(she)项(xiang)目工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造价鉴(jian)定(ding)事(shi)(shi)项(xiang)，有的必(bi)须经过现(xian)(xian)场(chang)勘(kan)(kan)验(yan)(yan)才能查清(qing)事(shi)(shi)实(shi)(shi)，为鉴(jian)定(ding)提供依据，而这些都涉及专业技(ji)术问题。因此(ci)，现(xian)(xian)场(chang)勘(kan)(kan)验(yan)(yan)是十(shi)分必(bi)要(yao)(yao)和(he)(he)重要(yao)(yao)的程(cheng)(cheng)序。根(gen)据最高人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)法(fa)院《关于(yu)适用<中(zhong)华人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)共(gong)和(he)(he)国民(min)(min)(min)事(shi)(shi)诉讼法(fa)>的解释》(法(fa)释[2015]5号)第一百二十(shi)四条规定(ding)：“人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)法(fa)院认为有必(bi)要(yao)(yao)的，可以根(gen)据当(dang)(dang)事(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的申(shen)请或(huo)者依职权对物证或(huo)者现(xian)(xian)场(chang)进(jin)(jin)行(xing)勘(kan)(kan)验(yan)(yan)。……人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)法(fa)院可以要(yao)(yao)求鉴(jian)定(ding)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)参(can)与勘(kan)(kan)验(yan)(yan)。必(bi)要(yao)(yao)时，可以要(yao)(yao)求鉴(jian)定(ding)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)在勘(kan)(kan)验(yan)(yan)中(zhong)进(jin)(jin)行(xing)鉴(jian)定(ding)”。现(xian)(xian)场(chang)勘(kan)(kan)验(yan)(yan)活(huo)动应由委托人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)组织实(shi)(shi)施，在委托人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)见证下，鉴(jian)定(ding)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)会同各方当(dang)(dang)事(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)共(gong)同参(can)加(jia)。现(xian)(xian)场(chang)勘(kan)(kan)验(yan)(yan)一般以满(man)足具(ju)体(ti)的鉴(jian)定(ding)工(gong)作之需为宜(yi)。按(an)照《中(zhong)华人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)共(gong)和(he)(he)国民(min)(min)(min)事(shi)(shi)诉讼法(fa)》第八(ba)十(shi)条第三款(kuan)规定(ding)：“勘(kan)(kan)验(yan)(yan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)应当(dang)(dang)将(jiang)勘(kan)(kan)验(yan)(yan)情况和(he)(he)结果制(zhi)作笔录(lu)，由勘(kan)(kan)验(yan)(yan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、当(dang)(dang)事(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)和(he)(he)被邀参(can)加(jia)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)签(qian)名或(huo)者盖章”。因此(ci)，现(xian)(xian)场(chang)勘(kan)(kan)验(yan)(yan)形成(cheng)的记录(lu)应由参(can)加(jia)现(xian)(xian)场(chang)勘(kan)(kan)验(yan)(yan)在场(chang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)员签(qian)字确认。
4．7 证据的采用
《中华人(ren)民共和国民事诉讼法》第六十(shi)八条(tiao)规定：“证(zheng)据应当在(zai)法庭上(shang)出(chu)示，并由当事人(ren)互相质(zhi)证(zheng)。”
《中(zhong)华人民共(gong)和国仲裁法》第四十五条规定：“证据应当在开庭出(chu)示，当事(shi)人可(ke)以质证”。
最高(gao)人(ren)民(min)法(fa)院《关于适用<中(zhong)华人(ren)民(min)共和国民(min)事(shi)(shi)诉讼(song)法(fa)>的(de)(de)解释》(法(fa)释[2015]5号)第一百零三(san)条规(gui)定：“证(zheng)(zheng)据(ju)(ju)(ju)应当(dang)在(zai)(zai)法(fa)庭上出示，由当(dang)事(shi)(shi)人(ren)互相质(zhi)证(zheng)(zheng)。未经(jing)当(dang)事(shi)(shi)人(ren)质(zhi)证(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)证(zheng)(zheng)据(ju)(ju)(ju)，不得作为认定案件事(shi)(shi)实的(de)(de)依据(ju)(ju)(ju)。当(dang)事(shi)(shi)人(ren)在(zai)(zai)审(shen)理(li)前(qian)的(de)(de)准备阶段认可的(de)(de)证(zheng)(zheng)据(ju)(ju)(ju)，经(jing)审(shen)判(pan)人(ren)员在(zai)(zai)庭审(shen)中(zhong)说(shuo)明后，视为质(zhi)证(zheng)(zheng)过的(de)(de)证(zheng)(zheng)据(ju)(ju)(ju)”。
第一百(bai)零四条二(er)款规(gui)定(ding)：“能够反映案(an)件真实(shi)情况、与待证事(shi)实(shi)相关联、来源和形式符合法律规(gui)定(ding)的证据，应当作为(wei)认定(ding)案(an)件事(shi)实(shi)的根据”。
第一百零五条规定(ding)：“人(ren)民法院应(ying)当按照法定(ding)程序，全面、客观地审核证据，依照法律规定(ding)，运用逻辑推理和日常生活经(jing)验法则(ze)，对证据有(you)无证明(ming)力(li)和证明(ming)力(li)大小进(jin)行(xing)判(pan)断，并(bing)公开判(pan)断的理由和结果”。
在(zai)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)价(jia)鉴(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)中，由(you)于(yu)多种(zhong)因(yin)素的(de)影(ying)响，对(dui)证(zheng)(zheng)据(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)采用，是(shi)一(yi)个疑难并易引起争议(yi)的(de)问(wen)题(ti)。按(an)照(zhao)上(shang)述法律(lv)规定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)，可(ke)作(zuo)如下理解：一(yi)是(shi)质证(zheng)(zheng)是(shi)当(dang)(dang)事人(ren)的(de)权利，不(bu)(bu)过(guo)，质证(zheng)(zheng)也只(zhi)是(shi)审理案件诸多程(cheng)(cheng)序中的(de)一(yi)个程(cheng)(cheng)序，经过(guo)质证(zheng)(zheng)的(de)证(zheng)(zheng)据(ju)(ju)(ju)有时(shi)也并不(bu)(bu)必然能作(zuo)为(wei)(wei)鉴(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)依据(ju)(ju)(ju)，因(yin)为(wei)(wei)可(ke)能仍然存(cun)疑(如当(dang)(dang)事人(ren)提(ti)出(chu)(chu)异议(yi)或者提(ti)出(chu)(chu)反证(zheng)(zheng)等)，不(bu)(bu)一(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)被委托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)人(ren)采信作(zuo)为(wei)(wei)认(ren)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)事实的(de)根(gen)(gen)据(ju)(ju)(ju)；二是(shi)认(ren)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)证(zheng)(zheng)据(ju)(ju)(ju)是(shi)委托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)人(ren)的(de)权力，但委托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)人(ren)通常不(bu)(bu)会在(zai)委托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)鉴(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)之前对(dui)证(zheng)(zheng)据(ju)(ju)(ju)单(dan)独进行认(ren)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(开庭(ting)时(shi)当(dang)(dang)庭(ting)认(ren)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)证(zheng)(zheng)据(ju)(ju)(ju)会记载在(zai)开庭(ting)笔录(lu)内，不(bu)(bu)过(guo)，通常只(zhi)有少量证(zheng)(zheng)据(ju)(ju)(ju)能如此处理)，因(yin)为(wei)(wei)认(ren)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)证(zheng)(zheng)据(ju)(ju)(ju)是(shi)一(yi)项复(fu)杂(za)的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)，需要(yao)(yao)反复(fu)思考、评议(yi)，有时(shi)还需借助专业(ye)的(de)判断，即鉴(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)；三是(shi)由(you)于(yu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建设的(de)复(fu)杂(za)性(xing)、特殊(shu)性(xing)，工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)价(jia)鉴(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)往(wang)往(wang)鉴(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)证(zheng)(zheng)据(ju)(ju)(ju)数量众(zhong)多，内容庞(pang)杂(za)，证(zheng)(zheng)据(ju)(ju)(ju)提(ti)交也不(bu)(bu)止一(yi)次，通常不(bu)(bu)可(ke)能每份鉴(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)证(zheng)(zheng)据(ju)(ju)(ju)都经过(guo)当(dang)(dang)庭(ting)质证(zheng)(zheng)。而在(zai)不(bu)(bu)少情况(kuang)下，委托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)人(ren)还要(yao)(yao)求当(dang)(dang)事人(ren)直接向鉴(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)机构提(ti)交鉴(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)证(zheng)(zheng)据(ju)(ju)(ju)。因(yin)此本章根(gen)(gen)据(ju)(ju)(ju)法律(lv)规定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)并结合实践，对(dui)委托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)人(ren)组织质证(zheng)(zheng)并确认(ren)了证(zheng)(zheng)据(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)证(zheng)(zheng)明力以外的(de)其他证(zheng)(zheng)据(ju)(ju)(ju)如何使用提(ti)出(chu)(chu)以下思路：
1 只要(yao)当(dang)事人各方(fang)对(dui)证(zheng)据(ju)无(wu)异(yi)议，鉴定人就可以作为鉴定依据(ju)，这既尊重了(le)当(dang)事人的权利(li)，又保证(zheng)了(le)鉴定的效率；
2 如当(dang)事人(ren)对(dui)证(zheng)(zheng)据有异(yi)议，或提交的证(zheng)(zheng)据彼此矛盾，委(wei)(wei)托人(ren)对(dui)此又未作出(chu)认(ren)定的情况下，鉴(jian)定人(ren)可(ke)根据自己(ji)的专(zhuan)业判断分别出(chu)具(ju)鉴(jian)定意见，供委(wei)(wei)托人(ren)判断使(shi)用，这样既尊重(zhong)了委(wei)(wei)托人(ren)的权力，又可(ke)保证(zheng)(zheng)鉴(jian)定的正常进行。
5 鉴 定
5．1 鉴(jian)定(ding)方法
5．1．2 工(gong)程造(zao)价确(que)定具有多次性和动态性的(de)(de)特点(dian)，其准确(que)度(du)是一(yi)个由(you)粗到精逐步实现的(de)(de)过程。在实践中，一(yi)些(xie)工(gong)程造(zao)价鉴定由(you)于(yu)证据(ju)所限(如(ru)施工(gong)图(tu)(tu)或(huo)(huo)竣工(gong)图(tu)(tu)不全等(deng))不能采取施工(gong)图(tu)(tu)算(suan)的(de)(de)方式进行鉴定，但仍可采用设计概算(suan)、估算(suan)的(de)(de)方法进行鉴定，减少(shao)或(huo)(huo)避免(mian)不能鉴定的(de)(de)现象。
5．1．3 本条规定(ding)(ding)鉴定(ding)(ding)人(ren)应(ying)按委托人(ren)的(de)要求，根据争议项目列(lie)出鉴定(ding)(ding)意见(jian)，避免鉴定(ding)(ding)意见(jian)过于笼(long)统，不(bu)便于委托人(ren)判断使用。
5．2 鉴定步骤
5．2．1 基于工(gong)程造(zao)价鉴(jian)(jian)定(ding)的(de)复(fu)杂性(xing)和(he)(he)专业性(xing)，本规范要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)鉴(jian)(jian)定(ding)机(ji)构(gou)和(he)(he)鉴(jian)(jian)定(ding)人(ren)在当(dang)事(shi)人(ren)对鉴(jian)(jian)定(ding)范围、内(nei)容(rong)和(he)(he)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)有(you)歧义时(shi)，不(bu)宜(yi)拒绝(jue)当(dang)事(shi)人(ren)的(de)异议，贸(mao)然继续鉴(jian)(jian)定(ding)工(gong)作，而(er)应及(ji)时(shi)向委(wei)托(tuo)(tuo)人(ren)反(fan)映(ying)情况，并可(ke)从专业角度协助(zhu)当(dang)事(shi)人(ren)用专业术语准确地向委(wei)托(tuo)(tuo)人(ren)表达出鉴(jian)(jian)定(ding)项(xiang)目的(de)鉴(jian)(jian)定(ding)范围、事(shi)项(xiang)和(he)(he)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，以供委(wei)托(tuo)(tuo)人(ren)进一步明确鉴(jian)(jian)定(ding)内(nei)容(rong)。
5．2．5 工(gong)程造价(jia)鉴(jian)(jian)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最终目的(de)(de)(de)(de)是尽(jin)可能将当(dang)事(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)之间的(de)(de)(de)(de)分歧缩小直至化(hua)解，为调解、裁决或判决提(ti)供科学合理的(de)(de)(de)(de)依据。因此，为保(bao)证(zheng)工(gong)程造价(jia)鉴(jian)(jian)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)质量，本条(tiao)规定(ding)鉴(jian)(jian)定(ding)机构(gou)在出(chu)具正式鉴(jian)(jian)定(ding)意(yi)见(jian)书(shu)之前，应(ying)(ying)提(ti)请委托人(ren)(ren)向各方当(dang)事(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)发(fa)出(chu)鉴(jian)(jian)定(ding)意(yi)见(jian)书(shu)征求(qiu)意(yi)见(jian)稿(gao)，请当(dang)事(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)就(jiu)鉴(jian)(jian)定(ding)意(yi)见(jian)提(ti)出(chu)修(xiu)改建议。同时在发(fa)出(chu)征求(qiu)意(yi)见(jian)稿(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)函(han)件中(zhong)(zhong)，应(ying)(ying)指明(ming)书(shu)面(mian)答复的(de)(de)(de)(de)期限及其不答复的(de)(de)(de)(de)相应(ying)(ying)法律责任，以引起当(dang)事(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重视。
5．4 证据欠缺的(de)鉴定
本节针(zhen)对此类现象提(ti)出了鉴定的方法。
在诉讼或(huo)仲裁案件中(zhong)，需进行工(gong)程造(zao)价鉴定的，有时往往当事人(ren)(ren)(ren)提供(gong)的证据存在缺(que)(que)陷。造(zao)成这种情况是多方面的，如因管理不善造(zao)成施工(gong)图或(huo)竣工(gong)图不齐或(huo)者缺(que)(que)失(shi)；又如按照发(fa)包人(ren)(ren)(ren)口头(tou)指令完成了某(mou)一合同外(wai)工(gong)程或(huo)零星工(gong)作，但承(cheng)包人(ren)(ren)(ren)提不出书(shu)证，而发(fa)包人(ren)(ren)(ren)也不予(yu)承(cheng)认等。
5．6 计价争议的鉴定(ding)
5．6．1 工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)合(he)(he)同是基于签订时(shi)静(jing)态的(de)(de)(de)承(cheng)包(bao)范围、设(she)计标(biao)准(zhun)、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)条(tiao)(tiao)件等为前(qian)(qian)提的(de)(de)(de)，发(fa)承(cheng)包(bao)双方权(quan)利和义务的(de)(de)(de)分配也是以此为基础的(de)(de)(de)。因此，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)实施(shi)过程(cheng)中如果这种静(jing)态前(qian)(qian)提被打破，则必须(xu)在新的(de)(de)(de)承(cheng)包(bao)范围、新的(de)(de)(de)设(she)计标(biao)准(zhun)或(huo)新的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)条(tiao)(tiao)件等前(qian)(qian)提下建(jian)立新的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)衡，追求新的(de)(de)(de)公(gong)平(ping)和合(he)(he)理。由于施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)条(tiao)(tiao)件变(bian)化和发(fa)包(bao)人(ren)要(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)变(bian)化等原因，往往会发(fa)生合(he)(he)同约定的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)材料性质和品(pin)种、建(jian)筑物结构形式、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)艺和方法等的(de)(de)(de)变(bian)动(dong)，此时(shi)必须(xu)变(bian)更才能维护合(he)(he)同的(de)(de)(de)公(gong)平(ping)。因此，本条(tiao)(tiao)规定合(he)(he)同中没(mei)有约定或(huo)约定不明的(de)(de)(de)，可(ke)按《建(jian)设(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量清单计价规范》GB 50500的(de)(de)(de)相关规定进行鉴定。
5．6．2 目前，我国仍有一(yi)些原(yuan)材料(liao)价(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)按照(zhao)《中(zhong)华(hua)人(ren)民(min)共(gong)和国价(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)法》的(de)规定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)实行(xing)政府(fu)(fu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)价(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)或(huo)者政府(fu)(fu)指(zhi)导(dao)(dao)价(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)，如水、电、燃(ran)油等。按照(zhao)《中(zhong)华(hua)人(ren)民(min)共(gong)和国合(he)同法》第六十三条规定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)：“执行(xing)政府(fu)(fu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)价(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)或(huo)者政府(fu)(fu)指(zhi)导(dao)(dao)价(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)，在合(he)同约定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)交付(fu)(fu)期限内(nei)价(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)调整时(shi)，按照(zhao)交付(fu)(fu)的(de)价(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)计价(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)。逾期提交标(biao)的(de)物的(de)．遇(yu)价(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)上(shang)涨(zhang)(zhang)时(shi)，按照(zhao)原(yuan)价(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)执行(xing)；价(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)下降时(shi)，按照(zhao)新价(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)执行(xing)。逾期提取标(biao)的(de)物或(huo)者逾期付(fu)(fu)款的(de)，遇(yu)价(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)上(shang)涨(zhang)(zhang)时(shi)，按照(zhao)新价(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)执行(xing)；价(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)下降时(shi)，按照(zhao)原(yuan)价(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)执行(xing)”。因此，对政府(fu)(fu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)价(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)或(huo)政府(fu)(fu)指(zhi)导(dao)(dao)价(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)管理的(de)原(yuan)材料(liao)价(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)应(ying)按照(zhao)这一(yi)规定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)进行(xing)鉴定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)。
5．7 工期索赔争议的鉴定(ding)
5．7．5 设计变更导致工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程量(liang)的(de)(de)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)，并不(bu)必然导致工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期的(de)(de)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)。如果增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程量(liang)并非是关键工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作，可以组织(zhi)平行施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和交叉施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，还(hai)可以增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)作业工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)和施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)机械等组织(zhi)措施(shi)，承(cheng)包人(ren)可要求增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程费(fei)用，而不(bu)应要求延长工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期。
关键线路(lu)指在工期网络(luo)计划(hua)中从起点(dian)节点(dian)开始，沿(yan)箭线方(fang)向通(tong)过一系列箭线与节点(dian)，最(zui)后到达终(zhong)点(dian)节点(dian)为止(zhi)所形成的通(tong)路(lu)上(shang)所有工作持续时(shi)间总和最(zui)大的线路(lu)。
关(guan)键(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)指关(guan)键(jian)(jian)线路上(shang)的工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，关(guan)键(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)上(shang)各(ge)项工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)持续(xu)时间总和(he)即(ji)为网(wang)络(luo)计(ji)划(hua)的工(gong)(gong)期。关(guan)键(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的进度将直接(jie)影响到网(wang)络(luo)计(ji)划(hua)的工(gong)(gong)期。
5．8 费用索赔(pei)争议的(de)鉴定
本节提出了(le)索赔鉴定的(de)方(fang)法。
建设工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)中的(de)(de)索(suo)(suo)赔(pei)是发承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)双方行使(shi)正当(dang)权利(li)的(de)(de)行为，承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)人可向发包(bao)人索(suo)(suo)赔(pei)，发包(bao)人也(ye)可向承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)人索(suo)(suo)赔(pei)。任何索(suo)(suo)赔(pei)事件的(de)(de)确立，其(qi)前提(ti)条件是必须有(you)正当(dang)的(de)(de)索(suo)(suo)赔(pei)理由。对正当(dang)索(suo)(suo)赔(pei)理由的(de)(de)说(shuo)明必须具有(you)证据，因为进(jin)行索(suo)(suo)赔(pei)主要是靠(kao)证据说(shuo)话，没有(you)证据或证据不足，索(suo)(suo)赔(pei)是难以成功的(de)(de)。索(suo)(suo)赔(pei)应在(zai)合(he)同约定(ding)的(de)(de)时(shi)限内提(ti)出。
5．9 工程签证争议的鉴定
本(ben)节(jie)就(jiu)如何(he)处理好工程签证的鉴定提出方法(fa)。
由于(yu)(yu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)生产的(de)(de)(de)(de)特殊性，在(zai)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)过程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)往往会出(chu)现(xian)(xian)一(yi)些与工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)合同约定不(bu)一(yi)致或未约定的(de)(de)(de)(de)事项(xiang)，这时(shi)就需(xu)要(yao)(yao)发(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)双方用(yong)书(shu)面(mian)(mian)形式(shi)记录下来(lai)。各地(di)对(dui)此的(de)(de)(de)(de)称(cheng)谓不(bu)一(yi)，如工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)签(qian)(qian)证(zheng)(zheng)、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)签(qian)(qian)证(zheng)(zheng)、技术(shu)核(he)定单(dan)等(deng)，国家标准(zhun)计(ji)价规范由于(yu)(yu)规范的(de)(de)(de)(de)对(dui)象是施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)图阶段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)发(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)，因此将其(qi)定义(yi)为现(xian)(xian)场(chang)签(qian)(qian)证(zheng)(zheng)。本(ben)规范由于(yu)(yu)规范的(de)(de)(de)(de)是工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)价鉴定，不(bu)仅仅是指施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)图阶段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)发(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)，还(hai)包(bao)(bao)括设(she)计(ji)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)总承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)阶段(duan)，因此采用(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)签(qian)(qian)证(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)术(shu)语(yu)。签(qian)(qian)证(zheng)(zheng)有多(duo)种情形：一(yi)、发(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)包(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)口(kou)头指令，需(xu)要(yao)(yao)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)将其(qi)提(ti)出(chu)，由发(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)包(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)转换成(cheng)(cheng)书(shu)面(mian)(mian)签(qian)(qian)证(zheng)(zheng)；二、发(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)包(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)书(shu)面(mian)(mian)通知(zhi)如涉及(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)实施(shi)(shi)，需(xu)要(yao)(yao)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)就完成(cheng)(cheng)此通知(zhi)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、材料、机械设(she)备等(deng)内容(rong)向(xiang)发(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)包(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)提(ti)出(chu)，取得发(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)包(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)签(qian)(qian)证(zheng)(zheng)确(que)认(ren)；三、合同工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)招标工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量清单(dan)中(zhong)已有，但施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)发(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)现(xian)(xian)与其(qi)不(bu)符，比(bi)如土方类别，出(chu)现(xian)(xian)流砂等(deng)，需(xu)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)及(ji)时(shi)向(xiang)发(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)包(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)提(ti)出(chu)签(qian)(qian)证(zheng)(zheng)确(que)认(ren)，以(yi)便(bian)调(diao)整(zheng)合同价款；四(si)、由于(yu)(yu)发(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)包(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)原因，未按合同约定提(ti)供场(chang)地(di)、材料、设(she)备或停水、停电等(deng)造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)停工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，需(xu)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)及(ji)时(shi)向(xiang)发(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)包(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)提(ti)出(chu)签(qian)(qian)证(zheng)(zheng)确(que)认(ren)，以(yi)便(bian)计(ji)算索(suo)赔(pei)费用(yong)；五、合同中(zhong)约定的(de)(de)(de)(de)材料等(deng)价格由于(yu)(yu)市场(chang)发(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)生变化(hua)，需(xu)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)向(xiang)发(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)包(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)提(ti)出(chu)采购数量及(ji)其(qi)单(dan)价，以(yi)取得发(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)包(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)签(qian)(qian)证(zheng)(zheng)确(que)认(ren)；六、其(qi)他(ta)由于(yu)(yu)合同条件变化(hua)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)签(qian)(qian)证(zheng)(zheng)确(que)认(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)事项(xiang)等(deng)。
5．9．1 第2款中，工程签证中没有人(ren)工单价的，参照行业惯例和以往经验数(shu)据，可比照鉴定项目相应工程人(ren)工单价上(shang)浮20％左(zuo)右计算。
5．10 合同解(jie)除争(zheng)议的鉴定
本节针(zhen)对工程合同解除后的(de)造价鉴定提(ti)出了(le)方法(fa)。
合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)除(chu)是合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)非常态(tai)终(zhong)止(zhi)，为(wei)了限(xian)制合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)的解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)除(chu)，法律规定(ding)了合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)除(chu)制度。根据解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)除(chu)权来源划分，可(ke)分为(wei)协议(yi)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)除(chu)和(he)法定(ding)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)除(chu)。鉴于建(jian)设工程合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)的特性(xing)，为(wei)了防止(zhi)社(she)会资源浪(lang)费，法律不赋予(yu)发承包人(ren)(ren)(ren)享有任意单方解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)除(chu)权。因此，除(chu)了协议(yi)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)除(chu)，按照《最高(gao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民法院关(guan)于审理(li)建(jian)设工程施(shi)工合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)纠纷案件适用(yong)法律问题(ti)的解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)释(shi)》第八条(tiao)(tiao)、第九条(tiao)(tiao)的规定(ding)，施(shi)工合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)的解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)除(chu)有承包人(ren)(ren)(ren)根本(ben)违(wei)约的解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)除(chu)和(he)发包人(ren)(ren)(ren)根本(ben)违(wei)约的解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)除(chu)两种(zhong)。
既然施工(gong)合(he)(he)同除(chu)协议解(jie)(jie)除(chu)外，是一个合(he)(he)法(fa)有效合(he)(he)同的非常(chang)态(tai)解(jie)(jie)除(chu)，就存在对(dui)解(jie)(jie)除(chu)前(qian)行为和解(jie)(jie)除(chu)事(shi)项的处理问题(ti)。《最高(gao)人民(min)法(fa)院关于审理建设(she)工(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)合(he)(he)同纠纷案(an)件适用法(fa)律问题(ti)的解(jie)(jie)释》第十(shi)条规定(ding)：“建设(she)工(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)合(he)(he)同解(jie)(jie)除(chu)后，已(yi)经完(wan)成的建设(she)工(gong)程(cheng)质(zhi)量(liang)合(he)(he)格的，发包(bao)人应当(dang)按照约(yue)(yue)(yue)定(ding)支(zhi)付相应的工(gong)程(cheng)价款……因一方违(wei)约(yue)(yue)(yue)导致合(he)(he)同解(jie)(jie)除(chu)的，违(wei)约(yue)(yue)(yue)方应当(dang)赔(pei)偿因此而给对(dui)方造成的损失”。
5．11 鉴定(ding)意见
5．11．1～5．11．4 鉴(jian)(jian)定(ding)意(yi)见(jian)(jian)是鉴(jian)(jian)定(ding)类(lei)证据的(de)书面(mian)表现(xian)形式。鉴(jian)(jian)定(ding)意(yi)见(jian)(jian)的(de)表现(xian)形式很多，按其对(dui)鉴(jian)(jian)定(ding)结果的(de)确定(ding)程度及其证明意(yi)义，有确定(ding)性(xing)意(yi)见(jian)(jian)与推断性(xing)意(yi)见(jian)(jian)两类(lei)。
确(que)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)性意(yi)(yi)见(jian)是(shi)对(dui)被鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)问题作(zuo)出(chu)断然性结论(lun)(lun)。包括(kuo)对(dui)被鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)问题的(de)“肯定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)”或(huo)(huo)“否定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)”、“是(shi)”或(huo)(huo)“不(bu)是(shi)”、“有(you)”或(huo)(huo)“没有(you)”等(deng)。由于确(que)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)性意(yi)(yi)见(jian)是(shi)明确(que)回答(da)鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)要求的(de)意(yi)(yi)见(jian)，评(ping)断其客观(guan)性与关联性难(nan)度(du)相(xiang)对(dui)较(jiao)小(xiao)，证明作(zuo)用(yong)也相(xiang)对(dui)较(jiao)大。因(yin)此，鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)人(ren)总是(shi)力(li)图作(zuo)出(chu)确(que)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)性意(yi)(yi)见(jian)，委(wei)托人(ren)也总是(shi)希望鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)人(ren)出(chu)具这种意(yi)(yi)见(jian)。但(dan)是(shi)在有(you)些(xie)案件中确(que)实很难(nan)实现这一目(mu)的(de)。因(yin)为不(bu)论(lun)(lun)哪一个鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)门类(lei)，出(chu)具这类(lei)意(yi)(yi)见(jian)都(dou)有(you)严格的(de)鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)条件和具体的(de)鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)标准。鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)条件较(jiao)差或(huo)(huo)鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)标准不(bu)够的(de)情况下(xia)通(tong)常较(jiao)难(nan)作(zuo)出(chu)确(que)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)性意(yi)(yi)见(jian)。
推断(duan)(duan)性(xing)(xing)意见(jian)是(shi)对(dui)被(bei)鉴定(ding)(ding)(ding)问题作出不(bu)确(que)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的分(fen)析(xi)意见(jian)。如“可(ke)(ke)能(neng)是(shi)”或(huo)(huo)(huo)“可(ke)(ke)能(neng)不(bu)是(shi)”，“可(ke)(ke)能(neng)有”或(huo)(huo)(huo)“可(ke)(ke)能(neng)没有”，“可(ke)(ke)能(neng)相同”或(huo)(huo)(huo)“可(ke)(ke)能(neng)不(bu)同”等。鉴定(ding)(ding)(ding)人出具(ju)推断(duan)(duan)性(xing)(xing)意见(jian)的基本条件(jian)是(shi)：被(bei)鉴定(ding)(ding)(ding)问题条件(jian)差但又具(ju)备一定(ding)(ding)(ding)的鉴定(ding)(ding)(ding)条件(jian)，或(huo)(huo)(huo)者被(bei)鉴定(ding)(ding)(ding)的问题本身技术难度大，经过(guo)鉴定(ding)(ding)(ding)难以形成(cheng)确(que)定(ding)(ding)(ding)性(xing)(xing)意见(jian)。从科学认识(shi)方法和证(zheng)据要求(qiu)角度来(lai)讲，鉴定(ding)(ding)(ding)人出具(ju)推断(duan)(duan)性(xing)(xing)意见(jian)是(shi)正(zheng)常的、合(he)理(li)的。
选择(ze)性(xing)意见(jian)是由于合同约(yue)定(ding)(ding)矛(mao)盾或证据(ju)矛(mao)盾，为使鉴(jian)定(ding)(ding)工(gong)作不(bu)至(zhi)于停顿，鉴(jian)定(ding)(ding)人只好分别按(an)照不(bu)同的合同约(yue)定(ding)(ding)或证据(ju)作出不(bu)同的可供(gong)选择(ze)的意见(jian)供(gong)委托人判断使用。选择(ze)性(xing)意见(jian)包括(kuo)确(que)定(ding)(ding)性(xing)意见(jian)和推断性(xing)意见(jian)。
本规范期望指导(dao)鉴定(ding)(ding)(ding)人注意(yi)避免鉴定(ding)(ding)(ding)中的(de)(de)(de)两(liang)种倾向：一方(fang)面是将鉴定(ding)(ding)(ding)工(gong)作等(deng)同于审判(pan)(pan)工(gong)作，在(zai)合同证据不力(li)或依据不足且当事人无法达(da)成妥协的(de)(de)(de)条(tiao)件下，擅自作出(chu)确定(ding)(ding)(ding)性意(yi)见；另一方(fang)面，在(zai)合同证据不力(li)或依据不足且当事人无法达(da)成妥协的(de)(de)(de)条(tiao)件下，未(wei)通过专业的(de)(de)(de)分析、鉴别和(he)判(pan)(pan)断，作出(chu)推断性意(yi)见，达(da)不到委托(tuo)人需要的(de)(de)(de)鉴定(ding)(ding)(ding)工(gong)作深度。
5．11．6 依据《关(guan)于适用(yong)<中华人民(min)共和国民(min)事诉(su)讼(song)法(fa)>的(de)解(jie)(jie)释》(法(fa)释[2015]5号)第一百零七(qi)条规定：“在(zai)诉(su)讼(song)中，当(dang)事人为达成调(diao)解(jie)(jie)协议或者(zhe)和解(jie)(jie)协议作出妥协而认(ren)可的(de)事实，不得在(zai)后(hou)续(xu)的(de)诉(su)讼(song)中作为对其不利(li)的(de)根据，但法(fa)律另有(you)规定或者(zhe)当(dang)事人均同意的(de)除外(wai)”。
6 鉴定意见书
6．1 一般规定(ding)
鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)意(yi)(yi)见(jian)(jian)书(shu)是(shi)(shi)鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)机(ji)构和(he)(he)鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)人(ren)(ren)(ren)对委(wei)托(tuo)的(de)(de)(de)鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)事(shi)项进行鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)别(bie)和(he)(he)判断后，出具的(de)(de)(de)记录(lu)鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)人(ren)(ren)(ren)专业判断意(yi)(yi)见(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)书(shu)。反映了鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)受理(li)、实施(shi)过程、鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)技(ji)(ji)术(shu)方法及(ji)鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)意(yi)(yi)见(jian)(jian)等内容。鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)意(yi)(yi)见(jian)(jian)书(shu)不仅要回答和(he)(he)解(jie)决(jue)专门(men)性问题，而且也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)人(ren)(ren)(ren)个(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)科学技(ji)(ji)术(shu)素(su)养、法律知(zhi)识素(su)养、逻辑思维能力(li)的(de)(de)(de)系统展示。鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)意(yi)(yi)见(jian)(jian)书(shu)的(de)(de)(de)使用人(ren)(ren)(ren)、关系人(ren)(ren)(ren)，既包括法官、仲裁(cai)员，也(ye)(ye)包括当事(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)及(ji)其他(ta)诉讼(song)或仲裁(cai)参与人(ren)(ren)(ren)，他(ta)们的(de)(de)(de)唯一共同(tong)点就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)并不具备相关科学技(ji)(ji)术(shu)知(zhi)识的(de)(de)(de)背景。因此，鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)意(yi)(yi)见(jian)(jian)书(shu)除了应文(wen)(wen)字简练(lian)，用词专业外，还应考虑鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)和(he)(he)实际用途，注(zhu)意(yi)(yi)逻辑推理(li)和(he)(he)表述规范，力(li)求让上(shang)述人(ren)(ren)(ren)员能够在看(kan)明(ming)白的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)况(kuang)下(xia)做到正(zheng)确(que)使用。
鉴(jian)定(ding)(ding)人对(dui)(dui)案(an)件中的(de)专门(men)性问题，只(zhi)能(neng)就案(an)件事(shi)实作出(chu)鉴(jian)定(ding)(ding)意见，而不(bu)能(neng)对(dui)(dui)案(an)件定(ding)(ding)性，或确定(ding)(ding)鉴(jian)定(ding)(ding)事(shi)项当事(shi)人的(de)法律责任。
6．2 鉴定意见(jian)书格式
6．2．2、6．2．3 这(zhei)两条为(wei)鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)人的(de)(de)(de)释明。鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)见(jian)(jian)(jian)书常见(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)缺(que)陷有两类(lei)，一类(lei)是程(cheng)序(xu)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)缺(que)陷，另一类(lei)是实(shi)体性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)缺(que)陷。程(cheng)序(xu)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)缺(que)陷表(biao)现(xian)为(wei)：鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)机(ji)(ji)构(gou)和(he)鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)人不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)具有相(xiang)应的(de)(de)(de)鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)资格；鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)程(cheng)序(xu)违(wei)法；文字表(biao)述(shu)部分(fen)有错(cuo)别字；意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)思表(biao)述(shu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)准(zhun)确，论述(shu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)完整或(huo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)充分(fen)；鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)见(jian)(jian)(jian)部分(fen)与(yu)论证(zheng)部分(fen)有逻(luo)辑(ji)矛(mao)盾；只回(hui)答鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)要(yao)求(qiu)所(suo)提出的(de)(de)(de)部分(fen)问题；鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)见(jian)(jian)(jian)在判断(duan)上界限不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)明确；没(mei)有鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)人签(qian)名或(huo)盖章，或(huo)者没(mei)有加盖鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)机(ji)(ji)构(gou)印章等。这(zhei)些问题违(wei)反了程(cheng)序(xu)法的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)或(huo)鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)见(jian)(jian)(jian)书制作规(gui)范的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)，对(dui)鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)见(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)力产生(sheng)影(ying)响。虽(sui)然(ran)上述(shu)问题并不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)必然(ran)的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)响对(dui)鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)见(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)实(shi)质判断(duan)，但(dan)其(qi)影(ying)响了对(dui)鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)见(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)审查评(ping)断(duan)及合法性(xing)，所(suo)以(yi)为(wei)了保障诉讼(song)或(huo)仲裁活动的(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)率，可以(yi)依(yi)照诉讼(song)或(huo)仲裁以(yi)及有关鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)程(cheng)序(xu)规(gui)范进行补救。实(shi)体性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)缺(que)陷表(biao)现(xian)为(wei)鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)方(fang)法运用不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)正确；鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)依(yi)据(ju)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)充分(fen)等等。如(ru)果鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)见(jian)(jian)(jian)书存在实(shi)体性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)缺(que)陷，则必然(ran)影(ying)响鉴(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)见(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)可靠(kao)性(xing)和(he)可采性(xing)。
在实践(jian)中，鉴(jian)定人(ren)(ren)或(huo)当(dang)事人(ren)(ren)如果发现鉴(jian)定意(yi)见(jian)(jian)书(shu)有缺陷应(ying)向委托人(ren)(ren)申请(qing)补(bu)救(jiu)(jiu)，委托人(ren)(ren)接到(dao)鉴(jian)定人(ren)(ren)或(huo)当(dang)事人(ren)(ren)的(de)申请(qing)后(hou)应(ying)该进行审查(cha)，然(ran)后(hou)根据情况作(zuo)(zuo)出(chu)(chu)是否补(bu)救(jiu)(jiu)或(huo)作(zuo)(zuo)其他处理(li)(li)的(de)决(jue)定。如需(xu)对已发出(chu)(chu)的(de)鉴(jian)定意(yi)见(jian)(jian)书(shu)作(zuo)(zuo)出(chu)(chu)修正(zheng)(或(huo)补(bu)正(zheng))，甚(shen)至(zhi)需(xu)要(yao)签(qian)发新的(de)鉴(jian)定意(yi)见(jian)(jian)书(shu)，这两条(tiao)对发生以上事项时的(de)处理(li)(li)方法(fa)作(zuo)(zuo)出(chu)(chu)了规(gui)定。
附(fu) 录
本(ben)规(gui)范(fan)所列的(de)16个附录，是鉴定过(guo)程中形(xing)成的(de)记录格式，供鉴定机构和(he)鉴定人(ren)参考(kao)使用。使用人(ren)可根据本(ben)地(di)区和(he)本(ben)机构的(de)具体(ti)情况进行选择或变更。